An interview with Henry A. Giroux


BY Manuela Guilherme

Centro de Estudos Sociais
Universidade de Coimbra

Henry Giroux became established as a leading figure in radical education theory in the 1980s. Not only did he revive the arguments for civic education proposed by the main educational theorists of the 20th century, namely Dewey, Freire and others such as the reconstructionists Counts, Rugg and Brameld, but he also advanced their theories by expanding them into the idea of a ‘border pedagogy’. His proposal can be viewed as the application of a post-colonial cosmopolitan perspective to the North American notion of democratic civic education. Giroux provides us with a vision for education that addresses the challenges which demographically and politically changing western societies are facing at the beginning of the 21st century. The longer it takes for policy makers in education to take his guidance seriously, the more time and possibilities we will all be wasting and missing. In fact, educators at all levels of the educational system and all over the world are experiencing growing de-motivation and even frustration because they feel they have been forced backwards lately instead of moving forwards in challenging themselves, both as professionals and citizens, to meet the needs of our fast-changing societies. Giroux has urged educators and academics to react against these paralysing pressures and to be critical, creative and hopeful about the potential that both they and their students offer, in order to counter the conservative political tendencies which have been imposing a definition of excellence in education that means submission to market pressures rather than educational excellence in terms of innovative intellectual production. Giroux argues for both critique and possibility in education and advocates independence and responsibility for teachers and students, that is, he claims dignity and respect for educational institutions, teachers and students. Giroux has bravely recovered the political nature of the everyday labor of educational researchers and of educators themselves. Furthermore, Giroux has also eloquently theorized a critical pedagogy of Cultural Studies based on what was proposed by the educationalist Raymond Williams himself. In fact, the field of Cultural Studies has been problematised, and is itself problematic, although very rich and promising, since it has broken down the barriers between disciplines. Therefore, it needs to be fully theorised in order to describe its goals, as well as the bases of its knowledge and processes. Giroux has made important contributions to these processes by mapping the relationships between language, text, society, new technologies and underlying power structures. He has thus responded to its critics and to those academics who have adhered to it in order to follow fashion or find a way out of their now neglected traditional disciplines. In addition, he has indicated new paths that go beyond recuperating Williams’ and Hall’s politically committed and scientifically founded new field of Cultural Studies and move into examining the implications of new technologies in the exchange and re-creation of new knowledge within new power relationships. It is nonetheless worth mentioning that Giroux has also been successful in identifying new modes of representation and learning.

Giroux has indeed advanced a new school of thought and inspired both educational theorists and practitioners into action with his powerful, vibrant and committed voice. By advocating a pedagogy of responsibility, he has himself taken responsibility for his own political and social role as an academic. He has focused his sights on redefining and strengthening the notion of ‘the public’ with regard to knowledge, education and civic life, mainly by incorporating into the construction of those fields the concepts of ‘public time’ and ‘public arena’. While most educational theorists have focussed on the influence of society on the educational context, Giroux, although critically unveiling the political and economic forces that threaten academic and school independence and creativity, is more daring and clearly draws our attention to the transformative potential of the academy and the school within wider a society. In doing so, he recaptures the political in the pedagogical. Finally, even though he focuses his discourse on general education, civic education and cultural studies, Giroux’s proposals for educational theory and practice offer language and intercultural communication theorists and practitioners a basis for renewing their visions and practices. Having made these points, in an attempt to contextualize Giroux’s statements below, it is now time to let his voice emerge.


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Henry Giroux: Rethinking the Promise of Critical Education Under an Obama Regime

Tuesday 02 December 2008

by: Chronis Polychroniou, t r u t h o u t | Interview

In the most general sense, I understand education as a moral and political practice whose purpose is not only to introduce students to the great reservoir of diverse intellectual ideas and traditions, but also to engage those inherited bodies of knowledge thorough critical dialogue, analysis and comprehension. At the same time, education is a set of social experiences and an ethical space through which it becomes possible to rethink what Jacques Derrida once called the concepts of the "possible and the impossible," and to enable what Jacques Rancière calls loosening the coordinates of the sensible through a constant reexamination of the boundaries that distinguish the sensible from the subversive. Both theorists are concerned with how the boundaries of knowledge and everyday life are constructed in ways that seem unquestionable, making it necessary not only to interrogate commonsense assumptions, but also to ask what it means to question such assumptions and see beyond them. As a political and moral practice, education always presupposes a vision of the future in its introduction to, preparation for and legitimization of particular forms of social life, demanding answers to the questions of whose future is affected by these forms. For what ends and to what purposes do they endure?

READ FULL ARTICLE: http://www.truthout.org/article/henry-giroux-rethinking-promise-critical-education

Title: Men & women and tools : reflections on male resistance to women in trades and technology

Author: Braundy, Marcia Ann

Degree Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Program Curriculum Studies

Copyright Date: 2005

Abstract:

Men & Women and Tools is an exploratory study, where new knowledge is created in the interplay of voices: narratives of lived experience, a data play of participants' voices, research and exposition in the literature, and the space between the audience and the text. Male and female workers, equity consultants and advocates discussed male resistance to women in trades and technology. In one interview with trades workers an explicit clarity emerged, provoking an emotional understanding of the issues. That interview became a fifteen minute data play, creating a mirror where, in a moment of reflection, individual audience members can choose whether to continue the constructions of gender they find. Most of the words, thoughts, and sentiments found in the play are direct quotes from the interview. Reflecting on their experience integrating women on their worksites, those interviewed poignantly demonstrated the struggles facing men and women in a society that constructs and limits their vocational and emotional relationships, while embedding expectations regarding their contributions to society. They exposed their own fears, and concerns. But also interwoven was a construction of women and their place in these men's interpretation of the social order. The notions of patriarchal masculinity were overpoweringly present. The interview resonated with my own experience as a trades worker. It struck cords with equity interventions undertaken with both men and women to change the social construct of gender and work. The voices embodied and echoed hegemonic struggles in contention for the past 250 years. Performed at the Brave New Play Rites Festival at UBC, Men & Women and Tools was digitally videotaped and edited. The artefact, a performative authoethnography, is a personification of a social reality. Interweaving scholarly voices naming the historical, sociological and cultural roots of gendered practices with the voices from the play, this dissertation illustrates the ways that social reality is constructed and reconstituted in the cultures, practices and motivations of society, and how the resistance has emerged. The research findings are embodied: a reflection, a provocation, a pedagogical tool to be used in schools and union halls to interfere in the mechanisms of gender relations in the 21st century.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17488

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Title: Affirming life despite a poisoned fate : a grounded theory of reproductive decision-making among women living with HIV

Author: Hoogbruin, Amandah Lea

Degree Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Program Nursing

Copyright Date: 1999

Abstract:

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to investigate the cultural, psychological, and social processes of reproductive decision-making among women living with HIV. In using grounded theory method, the primary objective of this study was to generate a substantive theory. Audiotaped interviews were completed with 29 women living with HIV and nine of their primary support persons. Other sources of data included field notes about each interview, non-fictional literature, and articles in the popular press that described the experiences of reproductive decision-making for women living with HIV. Data were analyzed by using techniques of constant comparison for qualitative data. 'Affirming life despite a poisoned fate' was identified as the core process in reproductive decision-making by women living with HIV. This process consisted of two competing elements: 'struggling with vulnerability' and 'striving for longevity.' These elements interacted dialectically so that change in a woman's sense of her own vulnerability affected her capacity to strive to live longer. This interaction depended on the woman's experience of 'wanting to live,' 'managing fears of HIV,' 'awakening personal spirituality,' and 'yearning for connection.' A woman's sense of balance in 'struggling while striving' contributed to decisions about 'risking deadly connections,' i.e., whether she would risk possibly giving others HIV when having sex or giving birth. The women considered a range of practical, romantic, intellectual, and ethical determinants in deciding "how risky is risky?" This personal calculation of risk accounted for the diverse and sometimes contradictory feelings and thoughts described by women as they made these decisions, and allowed each woman consciously or unconsciously to justify their choices. Throughout the overarching process of 'affirming life despite a poisoned fate,' each turning point in the women's decision-making depended on their life context including their own sense of 'mothering capacity' and 'mothering anxiety,' and how they saw themselves in terms of the struggle with vulnerability and the striving for longevity. For these women, reproductive decision-making involved making sexual decisions about whether to protect others from getting HIV and to protect themselves from the potentially traumatic result of getting pregnant. Such decisions were heartbreaking emotionally as each woman confronted deep convictions about spirituality and morality, her many contradictory, changing desires, and the powerful, social forces that shape perceptions about motherhood. These decisions were not always well-informed because of the gaps in knowledge about the most effective treatments and best prevention practices for HIV-seropositive women. This grounded theory provides some insights about the realities of reproductive decision-making of women living with HIV. Health professionals must be sensitive to the effects of HIV stigma and be prepared to set aside their personal values, and encourage women to reflect on "what matters most" when faced with pregnancy decisions. Health professionals have a crucial role in assisting women living with HIV to optimize their health, by knowing available HIV prevention technologies, and informing them about current treatment options. Efforts must also be made to involve the primary support persons or sex partners and to assist couples in talking about sexual issues. Other important implications included new research directions to address the unique concerns of women living with HIV and policies to ensure the provision and accessibility of comprehensive health services for all those who must endure the terrible reality of this disease.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9882

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Title: Restor(y)ing relational identities through (per)formative reflections on nursing education : a textual exhibitionist's tale of living inquiry

Author: Szabo, Joanna

Degree Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Program Education

Copyright Date: 2009

Subject Keywords Nursing education; Arts-informed inquiry; Living inquiry; Narrative; Reflective

Abstract:

At the outset, I dis-claim any knowledge or understanding what-so-ever, which is a peculiar stance to take for a nurse educator immersed in the language of “expertise,” “best practices,” and “champion” healthcare offerings. I do not dis-claim knowledge to absolve my professional accountability, nor do I absolve myself of being responsible for my text, rather I apprehend this journey of sentience and incarnation as an infant experiencing and learning the world in which it finds itself. It is only through a naïve, furtive play that I am able to proceed, through the difficulties and paradoxical tensions of constructed identities, without complete paralysis. As I play and ponder my way through multiple methodologies, a representational form emerges between repetitious moments of contemplation, remembering lived experiences, and reflecting on philosophical discourses. The difficulty or tension lies in the provocation of identities, as nurse, educator, and mother, among many other stances and formulations. Each identified discourse compels me to challenge the gaps in my knowledge in new ways. As I explore, I unravel the forms of text that are various incarnations of narrative reflection. The choices I make are about inquiring through concept, form and identification, which I both uniquely challenge as an individual and hold in common by being socially and historically situated. Each transition, contemplation and provocation is hopeful and volatile. I am always attuned to how it is that I live the spaces between each, unknowing my “self” as my otherness, letting go the ideal/real and becoming the (/) through a relational pedagogy.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4911

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Title: Enactive teaching in higher education : transforming academic participation and identiy through embodied learning

Author: Hocking, William Brent

Degree Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Program Education

Copyright Date: 2004

Abstract:

Enactive Teaching in Higher Education is a narrative exploration of embodied teaching in the university classroom based on the enactive view of cognition described by Francisco J. Varela, Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch. On the surface, their philosophy is a heavily theoretical critique of epistemological dualism. More profoundly, it is an imaginative proposition for reinventing ourselves as human beings by acknowledging the participatory nature of perception, how reflection-as-experience implicates us in relationships that determine our most fundamental senses of identity. Enactive philosophy is pervasively ecological. It asks us to consider not only how body, mind, and spirit are interconnected, but how subjective senses of self are disrupted and transformed by interactions with other people. It is a view that extends Hannah Arendt's embrace of human togetherness. For this reason, enactive philosophy raises questions about what it means to be and become a dynamic, well-balanced educational participant. My curiosity is how enactive philosophy informs personal and collective senses of participation and identity in adult and higher education specifically. I focus this interest around two teaching-related questions: (a) What do embodied views of cognition reveal about adult learning and self-development? and (b) How do adults' embodied perceptions of themselves and others support holistic understandings of teaching? My inquiry draws on three data sources: (a) a critical literature analysis of embodied pedagogy, (b) a field study that documents perceptions of embodied teaching and learning in a graduate seminar, and (c) reflections on my journey as an elementary teacher preparing to become a university instructor. I present my findings thematically using narratives to bridge theory and practice. The themes offer a framework for enactive teaching. My senses of narrative, like my senses of teaching, are guided by enactive philosophy. The significance of this view is to trouble instrumental and prescriptive views of education while accentuating a connection between embodied knowing and pedagogies of possibility.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16028

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Title: Elders’ teachings on indigenous leadership : leadership is a gift

Author: Young, Alannah Earl

Degree Master of Arts - MA

Program Educational Studies

Copyright Date: 2006

Abstract:

This qualitative study introduces a variety of considerations to help understand ways in which Indigenous Knowledge broadens the existing dominant views of leadership. Indigenous Elders, as a source of Indigenous Knowledge provide intergenerational leadership through the sharing of their teachings, oral histories and experiences. For this study I examined the culturally relevant Indigenous leadership program that is offered within the non-credit Longhouse Leadership Program (LLP) at the First Nations House of Learning (FNHL) at the University of British Columbia (UBC), taught by Elders, cultural leaders and educators. Through the telling of oral histories, nine Elders and cultural educators who work with the FNHL community shared their views on Indigenous leadership presenting historical examples of Indigenous leadership and recommending pedagogy for the current Longhouse leadership program. Their cultural teachings are resources for Indigenous leadership pedagogy that is transformative. The Elders’ teachings on Indigenous leadership are transformational because they identify and deconstruct colonial structures and support the self determined leadership goals of local communities. The teachings are: knowing the history of the land and educating others; reclaiming culture and living the teachings; culture as a support for individuals, families and communities; leadership as a gift-step forward demonstrating community responsibilities; and wholistic pedagogy all which is transformational when delivered within an anti racism education framework. These teachings are consistent with those found more generally in the academic literature, emphasizing leadership grounded in the cultural teachings that supports living Aboriginal communities and coalition building for change.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5600

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Title: Whose body? Whose mind? : the implications of Paulo Freire’s Problem Posing method for a humanistic approach to an Active Health program

Author: MacKay, Robert Henry

Degree Master of Arts - MA

Program Education

Copyright Date: 1978

Abstract:

Paulo Freire's Problem-Posing method was adapted and developed to provide a humanistic alternative to the prescriptive, physiological approach presently manifested in most Active Health programs. A need for a holistic approach to Active Health was established and the Problem-Posing method was presented as a viable method for the development of personal, physiological, social and mind-body experiences within an Active Health program. The Problem-Posing method was viewed within the Humanistic Educational framework. An interpretation of Humanistic Education, its roots and characteristics was presented. An understanding of Freire's view of man and philosophy of education was given as a prelude to the nature and mechanics of the Problem-Posing method. A student oriented life style program was developed around Freire's codification concept. This program, using Freire's dialogical, Problem-Posing approach, was intended to move students from a naive consciousness to a critical consciousness as they investigated the factors that determine their life style and thus influence their health status. The program was introduced to a grade 11 Physical Education class in order to realize Freire's concept of praxis and to establish subjective opinion regarding the viability of employing the Problem-Posing method in a Secondary School Physical Education class. In light of the positive opinions of students and teacher, it appears, from a subjective stance, that students began to move from a naive to a critical consciousness in regards to life style development and that the Problem-Posing method appears to be a viable, humanistic approach to an Active Health program.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/21034

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Title: Making the classroom a healthy place : the development of affective competency in Aboriginal pedagogy

Author: Brown, Francis Lee

Degree Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Program Educational Studies

Copyright Date: 2004

Abstract:

This thesis explores the development of affective competency in Aboriginal pedagogy through the exploration of the Native Training Institute (NTI), an institute that functioned from 1980 to 1987 in Kamloops, British Columbia. Ten students, two administrators arid one elder were interviewed to explore how the processes of affective education were included in the NTI curriculum. The thesis develops a theory of educational transformation based on the educational principles developed at the Native Training Institute that posits a theory of affective development founded on Aboriginal knowledge, learning identity, values, competencies, ideals and vision. Four arguments for the inclusion of affective education in contemporary curriculum are presented. First, the Indigenous assertion that emotions and values are essential to the decolonization process and therefore necessary for Aboriginal success in the educational environment is defined. Second, the argument of modern European philosophy that affect is more essential to the process of learning than has been previously thought. Third, the recent developments in cognitive science that uphold the Aboriginal world view that thinking and feeling are not only connected but that emotion plays the major role in the functioning of mind and memory. Fourth, the comments of the students from the NTI that the affective aspect of the curriculum at the institute was essential to their learning.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16109

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Title: Information and communication technology (ICT) literacy in teacher education : a case study of the University of British Columbia

Author: Guo, Ruth Xiaoqing

Degree Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Program Curriculum Studies

Copyright Date: 2006

Abstract:

The purpose of this research was to increase an understanding of the practices and issues of information and communications technology (ICT) literacy in the teacher education program at the University of British Columbia, Canada. I explored characteristics related to (ICT) literacy: A) program effects on ICT competencies; B) gender and ICT literacy; C) age and ICT literacy; D) attitudes toward technology and ICT literacy; and E) program effects on ICT use. Mixed methods were applied to analyse quantitative data and interpret interviews and observations in the program. The data were collected from large-scale pre- and post-program surveys of student teachers in the 2001-2002 and 2003-2004 years. A research team in the Faculty of Education at U.B.C. administered questionnaires to the teacher education students in September 2001 (n = 877) and 2003 (n=828) at the beginning of the academic year and post-program instruments were completed in May and June 2002 and 2004. Data included interviews with student teachers, observations of student teachers in courses, and videotapes of student teachers’ microteaching sessions for evidence of pedagogical integration. Findings from both quantitative analyses of this study suggest that the perception that both female and male students have of their ICT competencies significantly increased between the start and end of the program. Male students had significantly higher means than females at the start of their program. An increase of the female students was significantly higher than the increase of the males at the end of the program, but was not enough to offset the difference. Teacher candidates’ attitudes toward technology also changed significantly by the end of the program. Findings from this study revealed that the teacher candidates’ attitudes toward ICT and their ICT competencies were highly correlated. ICT competencies varied with attitudes. ICT competencies increase or decrease with changes of attitudes. No significant effects were found for a digital divide by age in this study. There were strong correlations between the students’ perceptions of their ICT competencies and their ICT uses in schools. Results from this study inform the pedagogy of integrating technology into curriculum and instruction and suggest further research on effective uses of ICT in teacher education.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/18431

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Title: Educating for citizenship : transformation and activism through reflective accountability

Author: Dow, Martha Christine

Degree Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Program Educational Studies

Copyright Date: 2003

Subject Keywords Citizenship -- Study and teaching (Higher); Pluralism -- Study and teaching (Higher); Social justice -- Study and teaching (Higher); Sex descrimination in education; Toleration

Abstract:

This study examines the connections between a commitment to educating for citizenship in the university and pedagogical strategies used to realize the goals associated with this commitment. One of the most common themes of the political philosophy and education literature regarding citizenship has to do with communicating across our differences. I used Jodi Dean's (1996) concept of reflective solidarity to explore the possibilities of this communication, particularly in the face of claims to morality. Reflective solidarity focuses on the communicative nature of solidarity by exploring contestation across our differences as we work toward understanding. I interviewed ten educators from a variety of disciplines at the University of British Columbia to explore their experiences translating this commitment to social justice into practice. My analysis of their contributions resulted in three primary categories and numerous sub-categories of data that I referred to as (a) perspective on theory (the university as a site for citizenship education, defining educating for citizenship); (b) perspective on self (curriculum as contested space, teacher's role, selfreflective practice, solidarity through difference); and (c) perspective on other (voice, silence, listening, pluralism, safety and risk, power). All of the participants discussed the dynamics of power, voice, silence, risk, pluralism and resistance that characterize their efforts to educate in a manner that promotes social justice. The pedagogical challenge of responding to heterosexism and homophobia in the classroom was specifically identified as difficult and increasingly contentious. This theme became central as I wove together the literature, the participants' contributions and my own experiences. As a response to Dean's inattention to the context of the communicative relationships at the core of reflective solidarity, I propose the idea of reflective accountability. Reflective accountability challenges critical educators to think deeply about the sometimes taken-for-granted aspects of educating for social justice. Reflective accountability necessitates a critique of open public discourse and understanding as the unassailable cornerstone of education and highlights the possibility that there may be times when certain points of view need to be more critically examined, challenged and perhaps silenced when they are grounded in oppression.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14920

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Title: Exploring presencing as a contemplative framework for inquiry in higher education classrooms

Author: Gunnlaughson, Carl Olen

Degree Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Program Educational Studies

Copyright Date: 2009

Abstract:

This dissertation builds upon Scharmer’s account of presencing within the newly emerging fields of contemplative education and complexity education as a basis for developing a pedagogical framework that supports intersubjective inquiry within classroom settings in higher education. The four chapters explore both general and specific ways in which presencing can be adapted within higher education classrooms. Each speaks to those instructors across different disciplines that are exploring ways of communicating and learning shaped by consciousnessbased approaches of inquiry for the purposes of bringing forth new knowledge and insights in classroom settings. By re-interpreting and expanding upon Scharmer’s account of presencing as a second-person contemplative pedagogy, this research broadly draws upon an assortment of intersubjective, complexivist and ontological theories as a basis for developing specific contemplative approaches to curriculum and instructional methods in the higher education classroom. As a whole, this dissertation project inquires further into related theoretical questions, issues and possibilities within the emerging fields of contemplative education with the objective of introducing useful distinctions, perspectives and interpretations that will assist scholar-practitioners in thinking through and addressing the complex demands of working with contemplative approaches to classroom inquiry in higher education settings.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16644

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Title: Indigenous wholistic theory for health : enhancing traditional-based indigenous health services in Vancouver

Author: Marsden, Dawn Marie

Degree Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Program Educational Studies

Copyright Date: 2005

Abstract:

How traditional healing can be enhanced in cities, has been the subject of discussion between myself and Indigenous Elders, and between many others, for over 15 years. This project was initiated and completed through the recommendations of Indigenous Elders, through prayer and dreaming, and through increasingly specific factors: 1. Two to four hundred years of unequal relations between colonizing and Indigenous peoples, resulting in 2. Significant and persistent inequalities in the health and educational status of Indigenous peoples, leading to 3. Indigenous calls for more culturally appropriate health services, as reflected in the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), instigating 4. Canadian government strategies for implementing the RCAP recommendations, entitled Gathering Strengths, which prompted a 5. Vancouver/Richmond Health Board review of local Aboriginal health and services, entitled Healing Ways, which led to 6. A Strategic Plan to Develop an Aboriginal Healing Centre in Vancouver, in which traditional healing was emphasized This dissertation affirms and extends prior research, including the National Aboriginal Health Organization document "Traditional Medicine in Contemporary Contexts" by asking how the access and provision of traditional-based health services (traditional healing) can be enhanced, by and for Indigenous peoples in a specific location (Greater Vancouver Regional District; Indigenous pop: 77,500), and by designing, implementing and analyzing this research, using Indigenous wholistic theory, storywork, and talking circle methodologies, protocols, and processes of analysis (prayer, dreaming, reflection, dialogue). Collective storywork, confirms and extends prior research, by providing locally-specific and detailed strategies for societal, institutional and community enhancements, including the establishment of a cohesive governance framework, educational campaigns, establishment of integrated health teams, establishment of a traditional-based Indigenous practitioner's council, establishment of liaison positions, and the establishment of traditional-based Indigenous healing centres. In addition, the research process has resulted in an affirmation and extension of: Indigenous wholistic theory, storywork and talking circle methodologies, Indigenous protocols and processes, a model for Indigenous research entitled a Wampum Research Model, a discussion of the inextricability of health and education, a need to prioritize worldview in the non-medical determinants of health, and Graham Hingangaroa and Linda Tuhiwai Smith's criteria for Indigenous theorizing and Indigenous projects.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17209

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Title: An innovative response to enhance Native American success and advancement in higher education

Author: Montes, Claudine

Degree Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Program Educational Studies

Copyright Date: 2006

Subject Keywords Indigenous; higher education; Native American; Institutions; curriculum; research; university

Abstract:

This thesis argues the need for major change in higher education options currently available to Native American students in the United States. Universities and Tribal Colleges represent the most common choices that Native students opt for in seeking degrees in tertiary education. However, for the most part, Universities and Tribal Colleges are not working effectively enough to produce the levels of success that are significantly transforming of the wider social, economic and cultural crisis conditions within many Native American communities. This thesis will focus on how to develop a major transformation of the higher education sector generally, a focus which also positively includes the underdeveloped potential that lies within the Tribal Colleges and Native programs in various university sites. This thesis attempts to clarify what has gone wrong in the higher education of Native Americans and to propose a national, innovative strategy for intervention. Identifying what is problematic in existing approaches will build critical insights that will inform the new strategies for change. The overall argument is that new institutions which are more sensitive and responsive to Indigenous aspirations first and foremost, need to be considered as a key in transforming Native American higher education performance. Rather than define absolutely all of the possible ingredients of what might be included in a new higher education model, this thesis works first to identify and aggregate a number of key barriers and constraints by collating different information streams. Once identified these critical elements, practices, values and structures that are deemed to be the major barriers to Native success are then used to inform the proposed new institutional framework. While a single institution model is ultimately proposed by this thesis, it should be regarded as ‘an’ answer, not ‘the’ answer. A broader intention of this thesis is to bring more focus to this area of concern and underdevelopment within Higher Education and suggest that there are different answers and possibilities (as the Maori examples have demonstrated) that are truly innovative, and which can profoundly impact Native American individual and community social, economic, cultural and political development and advancement.

URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2429/70

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Theories of Metaphor in Discourse > Contemporary Theories of Metaphor

Background Papers

The four background papers cover some of the major ideas currently active in the field of metaphor. The first paper, Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), summarises the view of metaphor that has dominated the field since the 1980s, replacing earlier views that saw metaphor as decorative or literary use of language. The other three present recent responses and challenges to this theory.

All approaches share the idea that metaphor involves two concepts or conceptual domains: the Topic (or Target), which is what is being spoken or written about, and the Vehicle (or Source), which is used metaphorically to speak or write about the Topic. The Vehicle (or Source) is distinct from the Topic and its use influences how the Topic is understood.

The theories differ in which aspects of metaphor they emphasis and in their proposals for how metaphor works. CMT (1) emphasises the conceptual, downplaying the language that people actually use. Context-Limited Simulation Theory (CLS - 3) prioritises thoughts and emotions attached to the Vehicle or Source concept and language, seeing these as key to metaphorical meaning. Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models Theory (LCCM - 4) does something similar, with the idea of ‘cognitive models’ appearing to be more or less the same as ‘networks of perceptual simulators’. CMT takes a broad view of metaphor, including those conventionalized into language and thought; LCCM rejects all but the strongest Topic / Vehicle contrasts as being metaphorical. The Discourse Dynamics Framework (2) attempts to explain how these variations can be connected into a single framework that takes account of language in use.

Other theories of, and around, metaphor that are widely referenced in the field include (with key names):

Class Inclusion theory of metaphor (Glucksberg & Keysar)

Conceptual Blending (Fauconnier & Turner)

Metaphor as Analogy (Gentner)

Primary metaphor theory (Grady)

Masters of Arts,( Psychology) Thesis by Julie Mueller (2003)

Wilfred Laurier University.

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